Just as rigidity might have bearing on different grammatical categories, not merely the paradigms to which Kripke applies it, rigidity might also have bearing on different modalities. For example, just as ‘the brightest non-lunar object in the evening sky’ seems to designate Venus with respect to the actual world but not with respect to other possible worlds in which Venus is obscured by some other body like Mars, just so the expression seems to designate Venus with respect to the present time but not with...
A rigid designator designates the same object in all possible worlds in which that object exists and never designates anything else. This technical concept in the philosophy of language has critical consequences felt throughout philosophy. In their fullest generality, the consequences are metaphysical and epistemological. Whether a statement's designators are rigid or non-rigid may determine whether it is necessarily true, necessarily false, or contingent. This metaphysical status is sometimes out of accord with what one...
According to al-Fārābī the imaginative faculty is very active in human cognitive acts. As outlined above, its function is to retain sense impressions when they are no longer perceived as external stimuli, and also to combine, compose, and even reproduce, those impressions. Following the Aristotelian account, al-Fārābī thinks that the imaginative faculty is intermediate between the sensitive and rational faculties. In fact, in the case of human beings, its function is to provide reason with the impressions attained through...
Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī (c. 870–950), known in the Arabic philosophical tradition as the “Second Master” (al-mu‘allim al-thānī) after Aristotle, and Alpharabius/Alfarabi in the Latin West tradition, is one of the major thinkers in the history of Islamic philosophy. He wrote extensively on logic, philosophy of language, metaphysics, natural philosophy, ethics, political philosophy, philosophical psychology and epistemology. His teachings had a strong Aristotelian background and...
Many recent discussions of ontological arguments are in compendiums, companions, encylopedias, and the like. So, for example, there are review discussions of ontological arguments in: Leftow 2005, Matthews 2005, Lowe 2007, Oppy 2007, and Maydole 2009. While the ambitions of these review discussions vary, many of them are designed to introduce neophytes to the arguments and their history. Given the current explosion of enthusiasm for compendiums, companions, encylopedias, and the like, in philosophy of religion, it is likely...
There is an enormous literature on the material in Proslogion II-III. Some commentators deny that St. Anselm tried to put forward any proofs of the existence of God. Even among commentators who agree that St. Anselm intended to prove the existence of God, there is disagreement about where the proof is located. Some commentators claim that the main proof is in Proslogion II, and that the rest of the work draws out corollaries of that proof (see, e.g., Charlesworth 1965). Other commentators claim...
Positive ontological arguments—i.e., arguments FOR the existence of god(s)—invariably admit of various kinds of parodies, i.e., parallel arguments which seem at least equally acceptable to non-theists, but which establish absurd or contradictory conclusions. For many positive ontological arguments, there are parodies which purport to establish the non-existence of god(s); and for many positive ontological arguments there are lots (usually a large infinity!) of similar arguments which purport to establish the existence...
Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world—e.g., from reason alone. In other words, ontological arguments are arguments from nothing but analytic, a prioriand necessary premises to the conclusion that God exists. The first, and best-known, ontological argument was proposed by St. Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th. century C.E. In his Proslogion, St. Anselm claims to derive the...
Alors que la mission [url=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn %28sonde spatiale%29]Dawn[/url] de la NASA continue d’encercler la planète naine Cérès, nous obtenons des images de meilleure qualité et encore plus détaillées des mystérieux...
Une nouvelle étude de l’université d’Aarhus, au Danemark, suggère que lenerf vague, qui relie le cerveau avec le tractus abdominal (dans le schéma ci-contre), pourrait transporter...
La sonde Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), de la NASA, garde continuellement un œil rivé sur le soleil, mais, pour obtenir une meilleure appréciation de ce qui s’y passe, deux autres vaisseaux spatiaux ont été mis à contribution.
Des mathématiciens de l’université Vanderbilt (États-Unis) ont mis au point une nouvelle théorie sur la “viscosité cosmologique" qui remet en question les théories actuelles.
Pendant des décennies, les cosmologistes ont eu du mal à concilier la notion classique de
Les restes conservés d’un spermatozoïde de 50 millions d’années ont été découverts dans la paroi d’un cocon de sangsue fossilisé en Antarctique. Il est de 30 000 000 années plus anciens que le précédent record.
Des biologistes, qui étudient les organismes microscopiques dans des échantillons d’eau de mer, ont trouvé une créature qui ressemblait à un minuscule globe oculaire flottant.
Bien que la créature soit un unicellulaire, un micro-organisme marin, elle possède de nombreuses...
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