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| | Semantics | |
Autrecourt did not leave any logical writings, nor does he discuss logic or semantics in the Exigit ordo or in his correspondence. However, from his theological question and a few of the censured articles it is clear that he was familiar with the logical debates of his time. According to one of the articles, Autrecourt claimed that the proposition “Man is an animal” is not necessary according to the faith, because in that sense one does not attend to the necessary connection between its terms. The article should be seen against the background of the sophism “Man is an animal”, which received considerable attention in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It served to clarify the relation between meaning (significatio) and reference (suppositio) by investigating the verification of propositions concerning empty classes. Would the proposition “Man is an animal” still be true if no man exists? This article suggests that Autrecourt may have denied any form of natural and metaphysical necessity, and for this reason was condemned (Zupko, in Caroti and Grellard, 2006, p. 186) Five other articles that turn up in Autreourt's condemnation concern the complexe significabile, or what is signified by an entire proposition. According to adherents of the doctrine such as Adam Wodeham and Gregory of Rimini, the object of knowledge is not the proposition, or the things (res) referred to in the external world, but “that which is signified” by the proposition (complexe significabile). One of the problems raised by this theory concerned the ontological status of thecomplexe significabile: Is it something (aliquid) or nothing (nihil)? Echoes of this and other debates can be found in these articles.[size=30]Bibliography Editions and Translations[/size]
- Edition of the Exigit Ordo and the theological question “Utrum visio alicuius rei naturalis possit naturali intendi” in: O‘Donnell, J. R., “Nicholas of Autrecourt,” Mediaeval Studies1 (1939), 179-280.
- English translation of the Exigit Ordo in: Nicholas of Autrecourt, The Universal Treatise, tr. Leonard A. Kennedy, Richard E. Arnold, and Arthur E. Millward, with an Introduction by Leonard A. Kennedy, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1971.
- First edition of the correspondence and the condemned articles in: Lappe, J., Nicolaus von Autrecourt, sein Leben, seine Philosophie, seine Schriften, Münster: Aschendorff, 1908 (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, 6.2) (now superseded by more recent editions).
- Edition and English translation of the correspondence in: Nicholas of Autrecourt, His Correspondence with Master Giles and Bernard of Arezzo: A Critical Edition and English Translation by L. M. de Rijk. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.
- Edition and German translation of the correspondence in: Imbach, R, and D. Perler,Nicolaus von Autrecourt: Briefe, Hamburg: Meiner, 1988.
- French translation of the correspondence and the condemned theses according to the Latin edition by L.M. De Rijk in: Grellard, C, Nicolas d'Autrecourt. Correspondance. Articles condamnés. Introduction, traduction et notes, Paris: Vrin, 2001.
[size] Studies[/size]
- Caroti, S. and C. Grellard (eds.), 2006, Nicolas d'Autrécourt et la faculté des arts de Paris (1317-1340). Cesena: Stilgraf Editrice. (Fundamental for understanding the historico-philosophical context of Autrecourt's philosophical project.)
- Dutton, B.D., 1996, “Nicholas of Autrecourt and William of Ockham on Atomism, Nominalism, and the Ontology of Motion,” Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 5: 63–85.
- Grellard, C., 2005, Croire et savoir. Les principes de la conaissance selon Nicolas d'Autrécourt. Paris: Vrin. (Crucial for understanding Autrecourt's philosophical views.)
- –––, 2010, “Nicholas of Autrecourt’s Skepticism: The Ambivalence of Medieval Epistemology,” in Henrik Lagerlund (ed.), Rethinking the History of Skepticism: The Missing Medieval Background. Leiden: Brill.
- –––, 2007, “Skepticism, Demonstration and the Infinite Regress Argument (Nicholas of Autrecourt and John Buridan),” Vivarium, 45: 328–342.
- Grellard, Christophe and Aurélien Robert (eds.), 2009, Atomism in late medieval philosophy and theology, Leiden: Brill.
- Kaluza, Z., 1995, Nicolas d‘Autrecourt. Ami de la vérité, in Histoire littéraire de la France, 42(1), Paris. (Fundamental study about the biography of Autrecourt and its philosophical context.)
- –––, 1997, “Nicolas d'Autrécourt et la tradition de la philosophie grecque et arabe”, in A. Hasnawi, A. Elamrani-Jamal and M. Aouad (eds.), Perspectives arabes et médiévales sur la tradition scientifique et philosophique grecque, Louvain-Paris: Peeters, Institut du monde arabe.
- –––, 1998, “Les catégories dans l'Exigit ordo. Etude de l'ontologie formelle de Nicolas d'Autrécourt,” Studia Mediewistyczne 33: 97–124.
- –––, 2000, “Eternité du monde et incorruptibilité des choses dans l'Exigit ordo de Nicolas d'Autrecourt,” in G. Alliney and L. Cova (eds.), Tempus, aevum, aeternitas. La concettualizzazione del tempo nel pensiero tardomedievale, Firenze: L. Olschki, 207-240
- Klima, Gyula, 2015, Intentionality, cognition, and mental representation in medieval philosophy, New York: Fordham University Press.
- Rashdall, H., 1907, “Nicholas de Ultricuria, a Medieval Hume,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series), 8: 1–27.
- Scott, T.K., 1971, “Nicholas of Autrecourt, Buridan, and Ockhamism,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 9: 15–41.
- Tachau, K.H., 1988, Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham. Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250-1345. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
- Thijssen, J.M.M.H., 1998, Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris, 1200-1400, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- –––, 1987, “John Buridan and Nicholas of Autrecourt on Causality and Induction,” Traditio, 43: 237–255.
- –––, 1990, “The ‘Semantic Articles’ of Autrecourt's Condemnation,” Archives d‘histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge, 65: 155–175.
- –––, 2000, “The Quest for Certain Knowledge in the Fourteenth Century: Nicholas of Autrecourt against the Academics,” in J. Sihvola (ed.), Ancient Scepticism and the Sceptical Tradition(Acta Philosophica Fennica, 66), Helsinki: Societas Philosophica Fennica, 199-223.
- Walker, Gustavo Fernández, 2013, “A New Source of Nicholas of Autrecourt’s Quaestio: The Anonymous Tractatus de sex inconvenientibus,” Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale, 55: 57-69, available online.
- Weinberg, J. R., 1948, Nicolaus of Autrecourt. A Study in 14th Century Thought, Princeton: Princeton University Press; reprinted, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.
- Zupko, J., 1993, “Buridan and Skepticism,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 31: 191–221.
- –––, 1994–1997, “How It Played in the rue de Fouarre: The Reception of Adam Wodeham's Theory of the Complexe Significabile in the Arts Faculty at Paris in the Mid-Fourteenth Century,” Franciscan Studies 54: 211–225.
- –––, 2001, “On Certitude,” in J.M.M.H. Thijssen and Jack Zupko (eds.), The Metaphysics and Natural Philosophy of John Buridan, Leiden-Boston-Köln, Brill, 165–82.
[size] Extremely useful sections about Autrecourt can also be found in: [/size]
- Zupko, J., 2003, John Buridan. Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master, Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Denery II, D.G., 2005, Seeing and Being Seen in the Later Medieval World: Optics, Theology and Religious Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Perler, D., 2006, Zweifel und Gewissheit. Skeptische Debatten im Mittelalter, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
[size=30]Academic Tools[/size] - اقتباس :
[size=30]Other Internet Resources[Please contact the author with suggestions.][/size] [size=30]Related EntriesBuridan, John [Jean] | Burley [Burleigh], Walter | Marsilius of Inghen | Ockham [Occam], William[/size] AcknowledgmentsThe editors would like to thank Gintautas Miliauskas (Vilnius University) for pointing out a number of typographical errors in this entry. | |
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