We all enjoy the colors of autumn leaves. The changing fall
foliage never fails to suprise and delight us. Did you ever wonder how
and why a fall leaf changes color? Why a maple leaf turns bright red?
Where do the yellows and oranges come from? To answer those questions,
we first have to understand what leaves are and what they do.
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Leaves are nature's food factories. Plants take water from the
ground through their roots. They take a gas called carbon dioxide from
the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into
oxygen and glucose. Oxygen is a gas in the air that we need to breathe.
Glucose is a kind of sugar. Plants use glucose as food for energy and
as a building block for growing. The way plants turn water and carbon
dioxide into oxygen and sugar is called photosynthesis. That means
"putting together with light." A chemical called chlorophyll helps make
photosynthesis happen. Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green
color. As summer ends and autumn comes, the days get shorter and shorter. This
is how the trees "know" to begin getting ready for winter. During winter, there is not enough light or water for
photosynthesis. The trees will rest, and live off the food they stored
during the summer. They begin to shut down their food-making factories.
The green chlorophyll disappears from the leaves. As the bright green
fades away, we begin to see yellow and orange colors. Small amounts of
these colors have been in the leaves all along. We just can't see them
in the summer, because they are covered up by the green chlorophyll.
The
bright reds and purples we see in leaves are made mostly in the fall.
In some trees, like maples, glucose is trapped in the leaves after
photosynthesis stops. Sunlight and the cool nights of autumn cause the
leaves turn this glucose into a red color. The brown color of trees
like oaks is made from wastes left in the leaves. It is the combination of all these things that make the beautiful fall foliage colors we enjoy each year.
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I CAN READWHY DO LEAVES CHANGE COLOR IN THE FALL?Plants make their own food. They take water from the
ground through their roots. They take a gas called carbon dioxide from
the air. They turn water and carbon dioxide into food and oxygen.
Oxygen is a gas in the air that we need to breathe.
Plants make their food using sunlight and something called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color.
Winter days are short and dry. Many plants
stop making food in the fall. The chlorophyll goes away. Then we can
see orange and yellow colors. These colors were in the leaves all
summer, but the green covered them up. Some leaves turn red. This color is
made in the fall, from food trapped in the leaves. Brown colors are
also made in the fall. They come from wastes left in the leaves.
WORD SCRAMBLE
How many of these words can you unscramble?
(Answers follow the Projects section)
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traweaflernegeernagomutanuloscugegnlituhsholopryclh
Answers follow Projects Section.
LEARN MORE ABOUT:HOW PLANTS PREPARE FOR WINTERAll summer, with the long hours of sunlight and a good supply of liquid water, plants
are busy making and storing food, and growing. But what about wintertime? The days
are much shorter, and water is hard to get. Plants have found many different ways
to get through the harsh days of winter.
Some plants, including many garden flowers, are called "annuals,"
which means they complete their life cycle in one growing season. They
die when winter comes, but their seeds remain, ready to sprout again in
the spring. "Perennials" live for more than two years. This category
includes trees and shrubs, as well as herbaceous plants with soft,
fleshy stems. When winter comes, the woody parts of trees and shrubs
can survive the cold. The above ground parts of herbaceous plants
(leaves, stalks) will die off, but underground parts (roots, bulbs)
will remain alive. In the winter, plants rest and live off stored food
until spring. As plants grow, they shed older leaves and grow new ones. This is
important because the leaves become damaged over time by insects,
disease and weather. The shedding and replacement continues all the
time. In addition, deciduous trees, like maples, oaks and elms, shed
all their leaves in the fall in preparation for winter.
"Evergreens"
keep most of their leaves during the winter. They have special leaves,
resistant to cold and moisture loss. Some, like pine and fir trees,
have long thin needles. Others, like holly, have broad leaves with
tough, waxy surfaces. On very cold, dry days, these leaves sometimes
curl up to reduce their exposed surface. Evergreens may continue to
photosynthesize during the winter as long as they get enough water, but
the reactions occur more slowly at colder temperatures.
During summer days, leaves make more glucose than the plant
needs for energy and growth. The excess is turned into starch and
stored until needed. As the daylight gets shorter in the autumn, plants
begin to shut down their food production. Many changes occur in the leaves of deciduous trees before
they finally fall from the branch. The leaf has actually been preparing
for autumn since it started to grow in the spring. At the base of each
leaf is a special layer of cells called the "abscission" or separation
layer. All summer, small tubes which pass through this layer carry
water into the leaf, and food back to the tree. In the fall, the cells
of the abscission layer begin to swell and form a cork-like material,
reducing and finally cutting off flow between leaf and tree. Glucose
and waste products are trapped in the leaf. Without fresh water to
renew it, chlorophyll begins to disappear. The bright red and purple fall foliage colors come from
anthocyanin (an-thuh-'si-uh-nuhn) pigments. These are potent
antioxidents common in many plants; for example, beets, red apples,
purple grapes (and red wine), and flowers like violets and hyacinths.
In some leaves, like maple leaves, these pigments are formed in the
autumn from trapped glucose. Why would a plant use energy to make these
red pigments, when the leaves will soon fall off? Some scientists think
that the anthocyanins help the trees keep their leaves a bit longer.
The pigments protect the leaves from the sun, and lower their freezing
point, giving some frost protection. The leaves remain on the tree
longer, and more of the sugars, nitrogen and other valuable substances
can be removed before the leaves fall. Another possible reason has been
proposed: when the leaves decay, the anthocyanins seep into the ground
and prevent other plant species from growing in the spring.
Brown fall foliage colors come from tannin, a bitter waste
product. Other colors, which have been there all along, become visible
when the chlorophyll disappears. The orange colors come from carotene
('kar-uh-teen) and the yellows from xanthophyll ('zan-thuh-fil). They
are common pigments, also found in flowers, and foods like carrots,
bananas and egg yolks. We do not know their exact role in leaves, but
scientists think they may be involved somehow in photosynthesis.
Different combinations of these pigments give us a wide range of colors
each fall.
As the bottom cells in the separation layer form a seal between
leaf and tree, the cells in the top of the separation layer begin to
disintegrate. They form a tear-line, and eventually the leaf is blown
away or simply falls from the tree. One more important question remains. What causes the most
spectacular display? The best place in the world for viewing fall
colors is probably the Eastern United States. This is because of the
climate there, and the wide variety of deciduous trees. The brightest
colors are seen when late summer is dry, and autumn has bright sunny
days and cool (low 40's Fahrenheit) nights. Then trees make a lot of
anthocyanin pigments. A fall with cloudy days and warm nights brings
drab colors. And an early frost quickly ends the beautiful fall foliage
color display.
FUN FACT
What do autumn leaves and
ripening bananas have in common?
The green color in unripe bananas comes from
chlorophyll, the same pigment that gives green
leaves their color. As bananas ripen, the chlorophyll
breaks down and disappears, revealing the yellow color
which has been there all along. The yellows and oranges
of autumn leaves are also revealed as their chlorophyll
breaks down. Of course, other changes also occur as
bananas ripen: the starches change to sugar and the
flesh softens as pectin (a carbohydrate) breaks down.
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Autumn Leaves Science Projects NOTE: ADULT SUPERVISION IS REQUIRED. Please read all instructions completely before
starting. Observe all safety precautions.
PROJECT 1 - Separate Colors in a Green Leaf using ChromatographyWhat you need:
leaves, small jars (baby food jars work well)
covers for jars or aluminum foil or plastic wrap
rubbing alcohol, paper coffee filters
shallow pan, hot tap water, tape, pen
plastic knife or spoon, clock or timer.
What you do:
- Collect 2-3 large leaves from several different trees. Tear or chop the leaves into
very small pieces and put them into small jars labeled with the name or location
of the tree.
- Add enough rubbing alcohol to each jar to cover the leaves. Using a plastic knife
or spoon, carefully chop and grind the leaves in the alcohol.
SAFETY NOTE:
Isopropyl rubbing alcohol can be harmful if mishandled or misused. Read and carefully
follow all warnings on the alcohol bottle.
- Cover the jars very loosely with lids or plastic wrap or aluminum foil. Place the
jars carefully into a shallow tray containing 1 inch of hot tap water.
SAFETY NOTE:
Hot water above 150 F can quickly cause severe burns. Experts recommend setting
your water heater thermostat no higher than 125 F.
- Keep the jars in the water for at least a half-hour, longer if needed, until the
alcohol has become colored (the darker the better). Twirl each jar gently about every
five minutes. Replace the hot water if it cools off.
- Cut a long thin strip of coffee filter paper for each of the jars and label it.
- Remove jars from water and uncover. Place a strip of filter paper into each jar
so that one end is in the alcohol. Bend the other end over the top of the jar and
secure it with tape.
- The alcohol will travel up the paper, bringing the colors
with it. After 30-90 minutes (or longer), the colors will travel
different distances up the paper as the alcohol evaporates. You should
be able to see different shades of green, and possibly some yellow,
orange or red, depending on the type of leaf.
- Remove the strips of paper, let them dry and then tape them to a piece of plain paper.
Save them for the next project.
PROJECT 2 - Separate Colors in a Fall Leaf using ChromatographyWhat you need: same as Project 1.
What you do:
- Repeat step (1)-(8) from Project 1, this time using leaves that have changed color.
You may have to wait much longer in steps (4) and (7). There is normally much less
of the other colors in the leaves compared to the green chlorophyll.
PROJECT 3 - Observe how light affects color development What you need: a tree with leaves that turn red in autumn
aluminum foil or heavy paper and masking tape.
What you do:
- Before the leaves turn colors in the fall, find a maple tree, flowering dogwood,
sweet gum, or other tree or shrub that you know will turn bright red or purple.
- Find several leaves that receive bright sunlight, and cover part of them with foil
or heavy paper and tape.
- After the leaves have changed color, remove the covering and observe the different
colors underneath. These are the colors that were in the leaf all summer. The bright
reds and purples are only made in the fall, with exposure to light.
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ANSWERS TO WORD SCRAMBLE
waterleafgreenorangeautumnglucosesunlightchlorophyll
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