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 | | Sir Isaac Newton's Concept of Light as a Particle | |
[size=35]Sir Isaac Newton's Concept of Light as a Particle[/size]It is true that Newton tried to reduced light to the motion of material points in his corpuscular theory of light. Later on, however, as the phenomena of finite velocity, polarization, diffraction, and interference of light forced upon this theory more and more unnatural modifications, Huygens' undulatory wave theory of light prevailed. (Albert Einstein, 1936)Albert Einstein clearly realized, as did physicists of the time, that the particle concept of light is unable to explain experimental phenomena like polarization, diffraction, and interference, which are obviously explained by wave phenomena. This divide between Newton's particle conception of light and Huygens' wave theory of light was decided by Thomas Young's (1801) famous double slit experiment which showed interference patterns that could only be explained by a wave theory. For how could a single particle travel through two slits and interfere with itself?
Further, as Albert Einstein argues, it is impossible to explain how particles of matter emit and absorb particles of light.What in that case becomes of the material points of which light is composed when the light is absorbed? (Albert Einstein, 1931)So while Newton's particle theory for light and matter had substantial logical (mathematical) success at explaining certain phenomena, particularly the orbits of planets, it clearly produced many paradoxes due to its fundamental error of assuming the existence of discrete particles.Yet no serious doubt of the mechanical (particle) foundation of physics arose, in the first place because nobody knew where to find a foundation of another sort. Only slowly, under the irresistible pressure of facts, there developed a new foundation of physics, 'Field' physics. (Albert Einstein, 1954)We shall shortly consider the 'Field' physics, but before this we need to finally explain Newton' famous Law of Inertia;
An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue in motion with a constant velocity unless it experiences a net external force. (Serway, 1992)
[size=35]Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Inertia F = m.a[/size]Mass is caused by the Relationship between Change in Velocity c of the In-Wave and the resultant Change in Location of the Wave-Center / Acceleration of the 'Particle'.By understanding the properties of space and how they effect the velocity of waves we can now simply explain Newton's Law of Inertia F=m.a which is at the very heart of Physics.i) Any Change in Velocity of the Spherical In-Waves from One Direction Changes where these In-Waves meet at their respective Wave-Center which we see as the Accelerated Motion of the 'Particle'. (This is the cause of matter interactions / forces / field effects, i.e. Newton's Law of Inertia F=m.a)ii) The Spherical In-Waves are formed from the Huygens' Combination of Out-Waves from All other Matter in our Finite Spherical Universe. (This is the Cause of Mach's Principle - the Mass (mass-energy density of space) of an object is determined by all the other matter in the Universe.)This explains how matter 'particles' (Wave-Centers) are 'Necessarily Connected' to other Matter in the Space around them, and thus leads to the explanation of 'Force' and Newton's famous Law of Inertia Force = Mass * Acceleration (F=m.a)Consider the Spherical In-Waves of One Electron / Spherical Standing Wave (SSW).If there is no change in the velocity of the Spherical In-Wave then there can be no change in the apparent motion of the Wave-Center / 'particle'.
i.e. If the Spherical In-Waves comes in with the same velocity in all directions then the Wave-Center / 'particle' will remain stationary in the same place in Space.Conversely, if there is a change in velocity of the Spherical In-Waves in one direction then this will also cause a change in the location where the wave center 'particle' forms in Space which we see as the motion (acceleration) of the Wave-Center / 'particle'.So when we consider the future motion of a particle we must actually consider the velocity of the Spherical In-Waves only, for it is logical that this alone determines where these In-Waves will meet at their future Wave-Centers.This is the underlying cause of the Law of Inertia and the concepts of force, mass and acceleration. We can now translate the language of physics into the language of the WSM. When we apply a Force to an object we are in fact changing the velocity of their In-Waves, and this causes the wave center to re-position. It is this relationship between the change in velocity of In-Waves and the change in location (apparent motion / acceleration) of the Wave-Center that causes the concept of Mass and explains the necessary connection between apparently discrete matter particles. (i.e. Action-at-a-distance).Though this is perhaps a little confusing upon first reading, with time it becomes more obvious that the Spherical Wave Structure of Matter simplifies and solves the problems of Newton's Mechanics by removing the concept of discrete 'particles' and replacing this with Spherical Wave Motions of Space whose Wave-Center's Cause the 'Particle' Effect.Let us now consider the next major evolution in the theoretical foundation of Physics, Faraday's Electromagnetic Force Fields.
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